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Second messengers

Biochemistry

See Also

• Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
• G-protein-coupled receptors
• Ligand
• Nitric Oxide
• Phosphodiesterase (PDE)
• Polyamines
• Proteasome
• Receptor
• Signal transduction

Description

In biology, second messengers are low-weight diffusible molecules that are used in signal transduction to relay signals within a cell. They are synthesized or released by specific enzymatic reactions, usually as a result of an external signal that was received by a transmembrane receptor and pre-processed by other membrane-associated proteins. There are three basic types of second messenger molecules:

• Hydrophobic molecules like diacylglycerol, InsP3 and phosphatidylinositols are membrane-associated and diffuse from the plasma membrane into the juxtamembrane space where they can reach and regulate membrane-associated effector proteins.* * Hydrophilic molecules are water-soluble molecules, like cAMP, cGMP, and Ca2+, that are located within the cytosol.
• Gases, nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO), that can diffuse both through cytosol and across cellular membranes.

These intracellular messengers have some properties in common:

• They can be synthesized/released and broken down again in specific reactions by enzymes.
• Some (like Ca2+) can be stored in special organelles and quickly released when needed.
• Their production/release and destruction can be localized, enabling the cell to limit space and time of signal activity.

Links

• Second Messengers

Attribution

• This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Second Messengers".

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