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ABO bias in natural immunity
See AlsoABO bias in natural immunity
J. Naturopath. Med. 1991;2:11-17
ABBREVIATIONS: DTT: dithiothrehol; AHG: antihuman-globulin; BGD: blood group degrading enzymes
Introduction
Sera from sixteen group O subjects reporting either urticaria, history of anaphylaxis, endometriosis, eczema or asthma were evaluated for the presence of isohemagglutinin-A (anti-A) by saline titration and human specific murine antiglobulins IgG1-4. Especially high saline titers and strong antiglobulin reactions were noted with urticaria, endometriosis and anaphylaxis when plotted against controls. Urticaria and anaphylaxis were also found to correlate with the broadest spectrum of IgG subclasses, with IgG 2 and IgG 3 appearing most consistently. Polymorphic factors may factor in pathogenesis, as differences in "natural immunity" observed with group O individuals appear to result in a less restricted, poorly behaved response (when T-cell dependent) to substances possessing A-like antigenicity.
From the age of six months normal subjects show "naturally occurring" antibody to non-self ABO antigens. These antibodies are largely IgM , but wider certain circumstances, particularly in group O, large amounts of "immune" IgG antibody may be produced. Almost thirty years ago, Rawson and Abelson ( {{Rawson AJ, Abelson NX. Studies of blood group antibodies. IV. Physicochemical differences between iso anti-A and iso anti-A or iso anti-B. J. Immunol. 1960;85:640-7}} ) qualified physicochemical differences between isoanti-A,B and isoanti-A or B in attempting to explain the preponderance of group O women among mothers of infants with ABO hemolytic disease of the newbom. This observance, coupled with evidence that patients with acquired hemolytic anemias are more likely to belong to group O than to groups A or B, stimulated interest in further qualifying the differences between isohemagglutinin subclasses and bloodgroup.
By a combination of chromatography and ultracentrifugation, they separated the isohemagglutinin and isohemolysins into molecular types (i) gamma I and 2-globulins with S7 sedimentation coefficients (IgG) and (ii) gamma 1 -globulins with S19 sedimentation coefficients (IgM). In general, isohemagglutinins of S7 class showed maximal activity (titration endpoint) in the presence of antiglobulin serum, whereas S19 isohemagglutinins; are maximally active in sodium chloride solution. IgM class antibodies, although having relatively low affinity for single antigenic determinants, bind with great affinity to antigens with multiple epitopes and are efficient agglutinating and cytolytic agents. Membrane bound monomeric IgM is the major antibody receptor used by B-lymphocytes to recognize antigen, a very potent initiator of classical complement ABO fixation, and an effective first line of defense against bacteremia. The major class of isohemagglutinins (anti-A, anti-B) and many of the "natural" antibodies to micro-organisms are usually IgM. These have been postulated to arrive out of inapparent microbial inununization,( {{Weiner AS. Origin of naturally occurring hemagglutinins and hemolysins: a review. J. Immunol. 1951; 64:287-295}} ) or are acquired characteristics resulting from oral immunization with animal foods containing A and B antigens.( {{DuPont, M. Contribution a 1elude des antigens des globules rouges. Arch. Internal. Med. Exp. 1934;9:133-67}} ) Moreover, under some circumstances, particularly in subjects of group 0, large amounts of "immune" IgG class anti-A and anti-B can also be produced.
This heterogenicity of isohemagglutinin subclass, characteristic of group O, coupled with the wide spectrum of naturally occurring substances in the environment that possess blood group antigenicity, stimulated interest in investigating the activities of isohemagglutinins found in subjects of this blood group presenting with clinical symptoms of hypersensitivity, a correlation first advanced by Mourant,( {{Mourant AE, Kobek AC, Domaniewska-Sobezak KK. Blood groups And Disease. Oxford University Press 1977}} ) who speculated that the presence of both anti-A and anti-B antibodies (in addition to a third hemolysin, anti-A,B) might render group O individuals more susceptible to allergic reactions.
Interpretation of agglutination reactions
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